Building Brains One Interaction at a Time: Serve and Return
By: Suzanne Adinolfi, Ph.D. | January 28, 2026
When you toss a ball to a child and they throw it back, you are playing a game of catch. In early childhood development, a similar “game” happens with words, gestures, and facial expressions, it’s called Serve and Return.

Serve and return is the back-and-forth interaction between a child and an adult. When a baby coos, points, or smiles (the “serve”), and the adult responds with words, eye contact, or a smile (the “return”), it creates a powerful learning moment. These exchanges are the building blocks of language, social-emotional skills, and brain development.
Harvard University’s Center on the Developing Child outlines the five key steps to a serve and return interaction.
- Notice the Serve – Pay attention to what the child is doing: a sound, a gesture or look.
- Respond Promptly and Warmly – Smile, talk, or imitate the child’s action.
- Add Language or Action – Name what they are looking at, describe what is happening, or ask a simple question.
- Take Turns – Keep the interaction going by waiting for the child’s next serve.
- End When the Child Signals – Watch for cues that the child is ready for a new activity such as dropping a toy or shifting attention and follow their lead to the next serve.

Practical Tips for Educators
- Narrate what you see: “You’re stacking blocks so high!”
- Use facial expressions and gestures to match the child’s mood.
- Ask open-ended questions: “What do you think will happen next?”
- Slow down and give children time to respond.
When these interactions happen consistently, children build resilience, confidence, and a sense of security, essential factors for lifelong learning. While serve and return interactions are most critical during infancy and toddlerhood, they remain valuable throughout the preschool years.
Final Thoughts
Every time a child reaches out, or serves, and an adult responds in a supportive manner, brain circuits are activated and strengthened. Noticing a child’s attempts at connection and intentionally responding literally builds their brain and shapes their future. For more information on this dynamic process, check out the resource below.
References:
- "Serve and Return: Back and Forth Exchanges"
https://developingchild.harvard.edu/key-concept/serve-and-return/

About the Author:
Dr. Suzanne Adinolfi, Ph.D.
Suzanne is the Director of Research and Content Development at Learning Beyond Paper, Inc. She holds a Ph.D. in Early Childhood Education and additional degrees in Exceptional Student Education and Psychology from Florida State University and Palm Beach Atlantic University. Her career includes 13 years at Florida’s Division of Early Learning, where she developed early learning content and led initiatives like the revision of the Florida Early Learning and Developmental Standards. She also has extensive experience facilitating the inclusion of children with special needs and mental health issues into various childcare settings. With over 10 years of classroom teaching and six years of undergraduate teaching experience, Suzanne brings a wealth of knowledge and passion to her current role. Her research is focused on teacher education, curriculum design, and the use of service learning in early childhood classrooms, which she co-authored an article on for NAEYC’s Young Children publication.
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